A computer
whose memory is exponentially larger than its apparent physical size; a
computer that can manipulate an exponential set of inputs simultaneously; a
computer that computes in the twilight zone of Hilbert space is quantum
computer. Relatively few and simple concepts from quantum mechanics are needed
to make quantum computers a possibility. The subtlety has been in learning to
manipulate these concepts. Is such a computer an inevitability or will it is
too difficult to build? The subject of quantum computing brings together ideas
from classical information theory, computer science, and quantum physics. This
review aims to summarize quantum computing.
The review
begins with an introduction to classical information theory and computer
science. The principles of quantum mechanics are then Outlined. Quantum
entanglement in general, forms the essential new ingredient which distinguishes
quantum from classical information theory, and, arguably, quantum from
classical physics. Shor’s algorithm is described in detail. The review
concludes with an outline of the main features of quantum information physics,
and avenues for future research.
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