The ground can be
improved by adapting certain ground improvement techniques. Vibro-compaction
increases the density of the soil by using powerful depth vibrators. Vacuum
consolidation is used for improving soft soils by using a vacuum pump.
Preloading method is used to remove pore water over time. Heating is used to
form a crystalline or glass product by electric current. Ground freezing
converts pore water to ice to increase their combined strength and make them
impervious. Vibro replacement stone columns improve the bearing capacity of
soil whereas Vibro displacement method displaces the soil.
Electro osmosis makes
water flow through fine grained soils. Electro kinetic stabilization is the
application of electro osmosis. Reinforced soil steel is used for retaining
structures, sloping walls, dams etc…. seismic loading is suited for
construction in seismically active regions. Mechanically stabilized earth
structures create a reinforced soil mass. The geo methods like Geosynthesis,
Geogrid etc…. are discussed. Soil nailing increases the shear strength of the
in-situ soil and restrains its displacement. Micro pile gives the structural
support and used for repair/replacement of existing foundations. Grouting is injection
of pumpable materials to increase its rigidity. The jet grouting is quite
advanced in speed as well as techniques when compared with the general
grouting.
Rapid urban and
industrial growth demands more land for further development. In order to meet
this demand land reclamation and utilization of unsuitable and environmentally
affected lands have been taken up. These, hitherto useless lands for
construction have been converted to be useful ones by adopting one or more
ground improvement techniques. The field of ground improvement techniques has
been recognized as an important and rapidly expanding one.
DESIGN STEPS
• Identify underground construction problem.
• Establish objectives of grouting program.
• Perform special geotechnical study.
• Develop initial grouting program.
• Develop performance prediction.
• Compare with other solutions.
• Refine design and prepare specifications.
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